• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    ABSTRACT In a method of providing a diluted discharge pulp, performing the steps ofproviding (S10) pulp With a first consistency, Which pulp cornprising cookedIignocellulosic fibrous material, diluting (S20) the provided pulp With a lowconsistency screening reject liquor to provide a diluted pulp, and feeding (S30) the diluted pulp to a discharge tank to provide a diluted discharge pulp. (Fíg- 1)
    公开号:SE1451303A1
    申请号:SE1451303
    申请日:2014-10-31
    公开日:2016-05-01
    发明作者:Andreas Engelfeldt；Petteri Kuusisto
    申请人:Valmet Oy；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    lOMETHOD AND ARRANGEMENT FOR DISCHARGE DILUTIONTECHNICAL FIELDThe present invention relates to pulp manufacturing processes in general, andparticularly to adaptations of discharge dilution to enable improvements inscreening in such processes.
    BACKGROUNDPulp processing (e.g. Kraft process or sulfíte process) typically comprisesintroducing wood chips or other lignocellulosic material into a digester orCooker together with an impregnation liquid e.g. black liquor from adisplacement tank and the chips or other lignocellulosic material is preheatedand pre-impregnated. Black liquor is the waste product from the so calledKraft process when pulpwood is digested into paper pulp removing lignin,hemicelluloses and other extractives from the wood to free the cellulose fibers.Thereby, black liquor is an aqueous solution of lignin residues, hemicellulose,and the inorganic Chemicals used in the process. Correspondingly, Whiteliquor is a strongly alkaline solution typically of sodiurn hydroxide and sodiumsulfide which is used to break the bonds between lignin and cellulose.Thereby, White liquor is the “pure” impregnation liquid Whereas the blackliquor is recycled impregnation liquid. Subsequently, hot black and whiteliquor is introduced into the digester and displaces the initially introducedimpregnation liquid back into the displacement tank. Due to the introductionof hot liquor the fiber is heated and cooked during a period of maintaining thetemperature at a desired level. The Cooking dissolves or softens the lignin inthe material and the Cooking time and temperature is dependent on thematerial to be Cooked as well as desired fiber properties after Cooking. AfterCooking, black liquor e.g. displacement liquor (from the displacement tank)with a lower temperature is introduced into the digester to lower thetemperature and thereby terminate the Cooking reactions. Finally the digesteris discharged to an atmospheric storage tower e.g. discharge tank from whichlOthe cooked pulp is transported via piping to e.g. a screening process in orderto deliver a finished pulp with predetermined properties e.g. predeterminedfibre fractions.
    In this context, wood pulp can be defined as Wood chips mechanically groundand/ or chemically digested at elevated temperatures to produce fibers for usein manufacturing paper or fiber-based wood composites. [1] In the samemanner pulp can be manufactured from other lignocellulosic materials, e.g.bagasse. Lignocellulose or lignocellulosic material refers to plant dry matter(biomass), so called lignocellulosic biomass. So called Virgin biomass includesall naturally occurring terrestrial plants such as trees, bushes and grass. Socalled waste biomass is produced as a low value byproduct of variousindustrial sectors such as agricultural (corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, strawetc.), forestry (saw mill and paper mill discards). Energy crops are crops withhigh yield of lignocellulosic biomass produced to serve as a raw material forproduction of second generation biofuel examples include switch grass(Panicum virgatum) and Elephant grass.
    In present pulp manufacture processes, liquor from the displacement liquortank is utilized in order to dilute the pulp in the discharge sequence. Thedilution is necessary in order to enable emptying or díscharging the pulp fromthe digester and into the discharge tank. In the subsequent screening processsome of the process steps are fed with a pulp at low consistency and usingliquor for its function. The accept from these process steps, which is a lowconsistency pulp which resembles pure liquor more than a thicker pulp, issubsequently fed to a reject tank and then fed to the discharge tank. The flowfrom the reject tank then lowers the consistency in the system significantly.To reduce the consequences of the reject tank floW, typically a so called deltathickener is added, which removes most of the liquor from the pulp fed to thedischarge tanklOConsequently, the pulp fed to the discharge tank from batch Cooking does nothave high consistency enough to handle all the liquor from the reject tank asdilution in the discharge tank Without lowering the screen feed consistencymore than desired. In many applications today, the consistency is increasedWith a thickening device e.g. delta thickener or the like in order to enable thescreening being fed at a normal consistency. Depending on the manufacturerof the processing equipment, the thickening agent or device varies.
    The thickening agent and/ or machinery introduces both unvvanted processsteps and material into the process, thus increasing both time and costs forthe pulping process.
    Therefore, there is a need for an improved dilution method and arrangementin the discharge sequence Without the above mentioned disadvantages.
    SUMMARYThe present invention relates to improved discharge method and arrangernent~ in pulp processing.
    In a first aspect the proposed technology discloses a method of providing adiluted discharge pulp, comprising the steps of providing pulp With a firstconsistency, Which pulp comprises cooked lignocellulosic fibrous material.Subsequently, diluting the provided pulp to a predetermined consistency Witha low consistency screening reject liquor to provide a diluted pulp, and finallyfeeding the diluted pulp to a discharge tank to provide a diluted dischargepulp.
    By means of the proposed technology the pulp can be diluted Without additionof any unwanted additives and reject liquor can be reused in the dischargeprocess.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe invention, together With further objects and advantages thereof, may bestbe understood by referring to the following description taken together With theaccompanying drawings, in Which:Fig. 1 is a floW chart of an embodiment of a method according to theproposed technology;Fig. 2 is a schematic block chart of a system according to the proposedtechnology.
    Fig. 3 is a schematic block chart illustrating prior art;Fig. 4 is a schematic block chart illustrating the benefits of theembodiments of the proposed technology;DETAILED DESCRIPTIONThe present disclosure Will be described in the context of a batch cookingprocess. However, it is easily adapted for a case of continuous cooking.Further, although the background and the description of the proposedtechnology primarily describes the so called Kraft process, it is equallyapplicable to sulfite processes or similar With appropriate adaptation ofprocessing terminology.
    The inventors have identified the benefits of reusing liquor or low consistencypulp from the screening process for diluting the pulp during the dischargesequence. In other Words, instead of using liquor from the displacement liquortank during the discharge sequence, the same functionality can be met byusing liquor from a screening reject tank. As most of the floW from the rejecttank will be used in the Cooking discharge sequence, only a small part Will besent to the bottom of the discharge tank to control the consistency. The usageof dilution has then reduced so that it is not necessary to add any thickeningdevice to run screening in normal consistency. Thereby, reusing lowconsistency reject liquor from the screening process for dilution during thedischarge sequence Will reduce the need for additives or machinery thatincrease the consistency of the feed into the screening process.
    With reference to Figure l, embodiments of a method of providing a diluteddischarge pulp in a pulp processing plant Will be described. In this context thepulp can comprise processed Wood fibre [1] or other processed lignocellulosicfibre. According to a first embodiment, the method includes the steps ofproviding S10 pulp With a first consistency, said pulp comprising digested orcooked Wood chips or other lignocellulosic fibrous material. Subsequently,diluting S20 the provided pulp to a predetermined consistency With a lowconsistency screening reject liquor to provide a diluted pulp, and finallyfeeding S30 the diluted pulp to a discharge tank to provide a diluted dischargepulp.
    According to a further embodiment, the diluting step S20 comprises feedingthe low consistency screening reject liquor as a first fraction from a screeningprOCCSS.
    According to yet another embodiment, the method includes the further stepsof diluting S40 the discharge pulp in the discharge tank With a second fractionfrom the screening process to a second predetermined consistency, before(Which is common for all embodiments) feeding S50 the (diluted or undiluted)discharge pulp to the screening process for screening S60.
    According to a further embodiment, the method includes an intermediate stepof feeding the loW consistency screening reject liquor to a buffer, andsubsequently feeding the first and /or second fraction from the buffer to thedigester and optionally also to the discharge tank.
    In the above described embodiments, no mention is made to the consistencyor concentration of the diluted pulp. Hovvever, according to a furtherembodiment, it is possible to control, in step S25, the dilution in order to6achieve a diluted pulp With a predetermined consístency or concentration.This may be performed by determining the concentration of the pulp in thedigester and diluting the pulp in order to achieve a Wanted concentration.More commonly though is diluting the pulp just enough to enable dischargingthe pulp from the digester.
    With reference to Figure 2 embodiments of a discharge dilution arrangement100 according to the present disclosure will be described.
    According to a first embodiment, the discharge dilution arrangement 100,comprises a digester 1 configured for receiving at least a lignocellulosic fibrousmaterial and a Cooking liquor to cook into a pulp. Further, the dischargedilution arrangement 100 includes a discharge tank 2 configured for receivingsaid pulp from said digester 1 and for outputting said pulp to a screeningprocess. The digester 1 and the discharge tank 2 are connectable via adischarge pipe 3, configured for feeding cooked pulp from the digester 1 to thedischarge tank 2. Finally, the discharge dilution arrangement 100 includes adigester dilution pipe 4 configured for feeding a low consístency screeningreject liquor from the screening process into at least the digester tank 1 todilute the pulp. Preferably, the screening reject is fed into the digester 1 at thebottom of the tank. However, it is also technically feasible to add the screeningreject to other parts of the tank as well.
    According to a further embodiment, the discharge dilution arrangement 100includes a first discharge dilution pipe 4' configured for additionally feedingthe low consístency screening reject liquor from the screening process into thedischarge pipe 3 to further dilute the pulp to a predetermined consístency.
    According to another embodirnent, the discharge dilution arrangement 100further includes a second discharge dilution pipe 5 configured for additionallyfeeding the low consístency screening reject liquor from the screening processinto the discharge tank 2 as Well to further dilute the pulp.
    In order to improve the control of the dilution and ensure a sustainable andeven access to the reject liquor, it might prove beneficial to collect the rejectliquor into a buffer tank from Which the reject liquor is then distributed to theparts of the arrangements Where dilution is required. According to a furtherembodiment, the discharge dilution arrangement lOO further comprises abuffer tank 6 arranged to receive the low consístency screening reject liquorfrom the screening process and to provide a first fraction of the low consístencyscreening reject liquor to the digester dilution pipe 4 and a second fraction ofthe low consístency screening reject liquor to the discharge dilution pipe, toprovide a diluted discharged pulp.
    For those cases Where a dilution in the discharge pipe 3 is also required,according to a further embodiment, the buffer tank 6 is further configured toprovide a third fraction of the low consístency screening reject liquor via thefirst discharge dilution pipe 4, to the discharge pipe 3.
    The above described arrangements can be implemented for both batchdigesters and continuous digesters.
    In order to further explain the benefits of the above described embodiments,an example of the impact of various concentrations in the different processsteps Will be described with reference to Figure 3 and Figure 4. Theconcentration and concentration intervals are to be vieWed as non-limítingexamples and are indicated merely to illustrate the benefits of the proposedtechnology.
    In Figure 3, Which illustrates prior art Without the use of a thickening device,a digester 1 is disclosed With a capacity for processing 20 t/ h of Wood chipsor other lignocellulosic material. Impregnation and/ or cooking liquid, e.g.black and/ or White liquor or similar depending on the chemical process used,is added to achieve a concentration or first consístency of approximately 10%,corresponding to a total volume of 200 m3 / h of cooked pulp. In order to enableemptying or discharging the digester 1, liquor is added to dilute the cookedpulp and Which to reduce the concentration of the cooked pulp to i.e. 5%. Inorder to handle the processing capacity of 200 m3 /h from the digester l, it isnecessary to add 200 m3/ h of dilution liquid e.g. liquor, thereby resulting in afeed of 400 m3 / h of diluted cooked pulp from the digester l to the dischargetank 2. This results in a doubling of the processed volume.
    As discussed previously, it is then potentially necessary to further dilute thecooked pulp in order to enable emptying the discharge tank 2 into thesubsequent screening process. Accordingly, the discharge 2 is fed withscreening reject to further lower the concentration to about 3%. In thisexample the low consistency screening reject is fed With a capacity of 2 t/ hand a concentration or consistency of 0.6 %, Which corresponds to 330 m3 / h.Thereby, the discharger tank 2 outputs 22 t/ h with a concentration of 3 %and a volume of 730 m3 / h. Through the screening process a screened pulpwith a consistency of maximum 3% is provided to press feed and about 10 %of the production is provided to a screening reject Wash.
    With reference to Figure 4, the dilution in both the digester l and optionallythe discharge tank 2 is provided by adding the low consistency screening rejectliquor. In a corresponding manner as in Figure 3, a digester 1 is disclosed Witha capacity for processing 20 t/ h of wood chips or other lignocellulosic material.Impregnation and/ or cooking liquid, e. g. black and/ or white liquor or similardepending on the chemical process used, is added to achieve a concentrationor first consistency of approximately 10%, corresponding to a total volume of200 m3/ h of cooked pulp. ln order to enable emptying or discharging thedigester 1, a low consistency reject liquor with a consistency of approximately06% is added to dilute the cooked pulp. In order to handle the processingcapacity of 200 m3 / h from the digester 1, it is necessary to add 1.2 t/ h of thelow consistency screening reject liquor with a consistency of 0.6%, therebyresulting in a feed of 400 m3 / h of diluted cooked pulp with a concentration of5.3% from the digester 1 to the discharge tank 2. This results in a doubling ofthe processed volume, in a similar manner as in Figure 3.
    As discussed previously, With reference to Figure 3 it is then potentiallynecessary to further dilute the cooked pulp in order to enable emptying thedischarge tank 2 into the subsequent screening process. Accordingly, thedischarge 2 is also fed With the low consistency screening reject liquor.However, in contrast to the prior art solution in Figure 3 the addition ofscreening reject is performed With 0.8t/h With a consistency of O.6%corresponding to 130 m3 / h. Thereby, the discharger tank 2 outputs 22 t/ hWith a concentration of 4.1 % and a volume of 530 mß/h.
    In case of using some other liquid than the screening liquid it is easy to seethe benefits of the current embodiments. Using a 0 % diluting liquidcorresponds to an output volume of 730 m3 / h from the díscharge tank 2 asillustrated in Figure 3 (Without a thickening agent) to provide the necessaryscreening consistency of 3-4.5%. By utilizing a diluting liquid of 0.6 °/o theprocessed volume can be reduced to 530 m3 / h, Which is a significantimprovement and saves both time and money.
    As mentioned before, the above described concentrations are merely examples.The above mentioned first consistency is typically around 10%, but can alsovary Within concentration intervals of for example around 9,5-10,5%, 9-110/0,8- 12%. The low consistency screening reject liquor is potentially O.6%, but canalso vary Within concentration intervals of for example 0.3-1%. The resultingdiluted pulp is diluted to such an extent that it is possible to empty thedigester With a minimum of dilution. As an example the diluted pulp could bebetween 4-7%, or 4-60/0, 4-5%, 4,5-5,5%. Basically, depending on the materialto be processed, the chemicals used, the cooking or digesting parametersapplied in the process, the type of screening and other variables the specificconcentrations can vary also outside the above given example intervals.lOWith the presently proposed technology it is possible to achieve a desiredconsistency and at the same time avoidíng the need for a thickening agent ormachinery to be introduced into the system.
    The embodiments described above are merely given as examples, and it shouldbe understood that the proposed technology is not limited thereto. It Will beunderstood by those skilled in the art that various modifications,combinations and changes may be made to the embodiments Withoutdeparting from the present scope as defined by the appended claims. Inparticular, different part solutions in the different embodiments can becombined in other configurations, Where technícally possible.llREFERENCES[1] “Fact Sheet Agriculture and Natural Resources”, F-85-13, ForestProducts Terminology, E. McConnell, N Irby, (2013) Ohio State University,http: / / ohioWoocLosuedu/ images/ F_85_13__FP_Terminology_Fact_Sheet.pdf[2] Chemical Pulping, 6A and ÖB, J Gullichsen, C-J Fogelholm, PaperMaking Science and Technology, ISBN 952-5216-06-3, (1999) Jyväskylä,Finland
    权利要求:
    Claims (10)
    [1] 1. A method of providing a diluted discharge pulp, comprising providing (S10) pulp with a first consistency in a digester, said pulpcomprising cooked lignocellulosic fibrous material, diluting (S20) said provided pulp with a low consistency screening rejectliquor to provide a diluted pulp, feeding (S30) said diluted pulp through a discharge pipe to a dischargetank to provide a diluted discharge pulp.
    [2] 2. The method according to claím 1, whereín said diluting step (S20)comprises feeding said low consistency screening reject liquor into at least said digester.
    [3] 3. The method according to claím 2, whereín said diluting step (S20)comprising additionally feeding a first fraction of said low consistency screening reject liquor into said discharge pipe to further dilute the diluted pulp.
    [4] 4. The method according to claím 2, comprising the further steps ofdiluting (S40) said discharge pulp in said discharge tank with a secondfraction from said screening process, and feeding said diluted discharge pulp to said screening process.
    [5] 5. The method according to any of claims 2-4, comprising the step offeeding said low consistency screening reject liquor to a buffer, andsubsequently feeding said low consistency screening reject liquor from saidbuffer to at least said digester, and optionally to said discharge pipe, and optionally to said discharge tank.
    [6] 6. A discharge dilution arrangement (100), comprising a digester (1) configured for receiving at least a lignocellulosic fibrous material and a cooking liquor to cook into a pulp; 13 a discharge tank (2) confígured for receiving said pulp from said digester(1) and for outputting said pulp to a screening process; a discharge pipe (3), confígured for feeding cooked pulp from saiddigester (1) to said discharge tank (2), a digester dilution pipe (4) confígured for feeding a low consistencyscreening reject liquor from a screening process into at least a bottom section of said digester tank (1) to dilute the pulp in the digester (l).
    [7] 7. The discharge dilution arrangement according to claim 6, comprising afirst discharge dilution pipe (4') confígured for additionally feeding said lowconsistency screening reject liquor from said screening process into said discharge pipe (3) to further dilute the pulp in the discharge pipe (3).
    [8] 8. The discharge dilution arrangement according to any of claims 6~7,comprising, a second discharge dilution pipe (5) confígured for additionally feedingsaid low consistency screening reject liquor into said discharge tank (2) to further dilute the pulp.
    [9] 9.The discharge dilution arrangement according to any of claims 6 to 8,Wherein said arrangement further cornprises a buffer tank (6) arranged toreceive said low consistency screening reject liquor from said screeningprocess and to provide said low consistency screening reject liquor to saiddigester dilution pipe (4) and optionally a first fraction of said low consistencyscreening reject liquor to said first discharge dilution pipe (4), to provide a diluted discharged pulp with a predetermined consistency.
    [10] 10. The according to any of claims 6-9, wherein said buffer tank (6) isfurther confígured to provide a second fraction of said low consistencyscreening reject liquor via said second discharge dilution pipe (5) to said discharge tank (2). 14 1 1. The arrangement according to any of claírns 6-10, wherein said digester (1) is a batch dígester or a continuous dígester.
    类似技术:
    公开号 | 公开日 | 专利标题
    Andrade et al.2014|Dissolving pulp production from sugar cane bagasse
    CN104179055B|2016-03-09|Grass fiber bio-separation compound formulation
    Sugesty et al.2015|Bamboo as raw materials for dissolving pulp with environmental friendly technology for rayon fiber
    Tutus et al.2010|Chemical, morphological and anatomical properties and evaluation of cotton stalks | in pulp industry
    CN103122594B|2014-03-12|Production method of dissolving pulp
    Cao et al.2014|Morphological and chemical characterization of green bamboo | Keng f.) for dissolving pulp production
    Martino et al.2017|Steam explosion pretreatment used to remove hemicellulose to enhance the production of a eucalyptus organosolv dissolving pulp
    CN103556517B|2016-11-23|A kind of laccase pretreatment improves the method for oxygen alkali pulping effect
    Liu et al.2015|Effect of hot-water extraction | severity on bleached pulp based biorefinery performance of eucalyptus during the HWE–Kraft–ECF bleaching process
    Obi Reddy et al.2014|Preparation, chemical composition, characterization, and properties of Napier grass paper sheets
    Mohieldin2014|Pretreatment approaches in non-wood plants for pulp and paper production: a review
    Fatriasari et al.2015|The Kraft Pulp And Paper Properties of Sweet Sorghum Bagasse |.
    Wu et al.2014|Improved reactivity of bamboo dissolving pulp for the viscose process: Post-treatment with beating
    Vila et al.2012|On the recovery of hemicellulose before kraft pulping
    Tripathi et al.2013|Blanding 0f Banana Stam With Wheat Straw And Bagassa To Enhanca Physical Strength Properties 0f Paper
    Nayeem et al.2017|High purity dissolving pulp from jute
    CN104131483A|2014-11-05|High-yield high-performance bamboo fiber material prepared from bamboo used as raw material and preparation method thereof
    US9115468B2|2015-08-25|Chemical treatment of lignocellulosic fiber bundle material, and methods and systems relating thereto
    Wu et al.2015|Reactivity improvement of bamboo dissolving pulp by xylanase modification
    SE1451303A1|2016-05-01|Method and arrangement for discharge dilution
    Lin et al.2015|Properties of enzyme pretreated Wikstroemia sikokiana and Broussonetia papyrifera bast fiber pulps
    Kumar et al.2013|Delignification of Phragmites karka–A wetland grass–by soda pulping process
    Wang et al.2012|TCF bleaching character of soda-anthraquinone pulp from oil palm frond
    Jahan et al.2015|Sodium carbonate pre-extraction of Trema orientalis in the production of paper grade pulp
    FI68680C|1985-10-10|FOERFARANDE FOER HARTSHALTSMINSKNING VID FRAMSTAELLNING AV CELLULOSAMASSOR UR LIGNOCELLULOSAMATERIAL
    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    EP3212840A4|2018-04-11|
    WO2016068783A1|2016-05-06|
    SE539501C2|2017-10-03|
    CA2966142A1|2016-05-06|
    EP3212840B1|2020-02-05|
    EP3212840A1|2017-09-06|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    US3303088A|1963-04-19|1967-02-07|Lummus Co|Continuous liquid-phase rapid pulping|
    US3259538A|1963-04-22|1966-07-05|Lummus Co|Comprehensive pulping system for producing paper pulp|
    US3830688A|1970-10-23|1974-08-20|Skogsaegarnas Ind Ab|Method of reducing the discharge of waste products from pulp mills|
    SE394466C|1974-05-16|1986-02-14|Mannbro Systems Handelsbolag|SEE CONTINUOUS ALKALIC DELIGNIFICATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSAMENTAL MATERIAL IN TWO OR MULTIPLE STEPS, WHICH ARE LAST WITH Oxygen|
    US5066362A|1987-12-01|1991-11-19|Kamyr, Inc.|Extended delignification in pressure diffusers|
    FI93748B|1992-06-08|1995-02-15|Ahlstroem Oy|Method and apparatus for handling the fiber suspension|
    US6302997B1|1999-08-30|2001-10-16|North Carolina State University|Process for producing a pulp suitable for papermaking from nonwood fibrous materials|
    US20020129911A1|2000-10-16|2002-09-19|Marcoccia Bruno S.|Process and configuration for providing external upflow/internal downflow in a continuous digester|
    SE0004050L|2000-11-03|2001-11-05|Kvaerner Pulping Tech|Continuous boiling of pulp with net mid-stream flow in the bottom portion of the boiler|
    FI120505B|2002-07-12|2009-11-13|Stora Enso Oyj|Continuous process for boiling cellulose-based pulp and pulp boiler suitable for the process|
    FI20022055A|2002-11-19|2004-05-20|Advanced Fiber Tech Aft Trust|Method and apparatus for treating fiber suspension|
    FI123023B|2009-09-01|2012-10-15|Andritz Oy|Method and apparatus for separating soap|
    WO2011102760A1|2010-02-17|2011-08-25|Metso Paper Sweden Ab|Method and system for recycling of rejects in a process for cooking chemical pulp|
    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    SE1451303A|SE539501C2|2014-10-31|2014-10-31|Method and arrangement for discharge dilution|SE1451303A| SE539501C2|2014-10-31|2014-10-31|Method and arrangement for discharge dilution|
    EP15856135.7A| EP3212840B1|2014-10-31|2015-10-28|Method and arrangement for discharge dilution|
    PCT/SE2015/051141| WO2016068783A1|2014-10-31|2015-10-28|Method and arrangement for discharge dilution|
    CA2966142A| CA2966142A1|2014-10-31|2015-10-28|Method and arrangement for discharge dilution|
    [返回顶部]